The history
The measures in order of time, from the 1961 law that authorises it to the 1962 proclamation that imposes it, up to today. Each line carries a date, a legal instrument and an effect.
Before the blockade: the Monroe Doctrine and US interventions in Latin America.
Act 3
The legal architecture
The wall is not a metaphor: it is a stack of rules. Every block is a measure, and every measure has a date, a legal instrument and a text you can read.
Laws passed by Congress — including Torricelli and Helms-Burton — remain in force until Congress changes them. The President and the Treasury can tighten or loosen licences, travel, remittances and transactions. An executive order can therefore open a crack, but it cannot dismantle the structure: each new measure rests on those still in force.
The measures, one per block
Tap a row to open the measure's record.
1961-1963
President in office Kennedy 1961-1963
It authorizes the president to impose the total embargo and bans all US aid to Cuba.
See the recordThe island loses access to the American market: no Cuban goods may enter the US again.
See the recordThe regulation that has run the blockade for sixty years: every president tightens or loosens from here.
See the record
1982-2000
Presidents in office Reagan 1981-1989 George H. W. Bush 1989-1993 Clinton 1993-2001
The label triggers automatic bans on aid, exports and finance.
See the recordAfter five years, travel is banned again: only authorized categories remain.
See the recordAn American company cannot sell to Cuba even through its subsidiaries in Europe or elsewhere.
See the recordThe embargo stops being a presidential choice: lifting it takes an act of Congress.
See the recordOn paper it opens food and medicine; in practice it demands payment before the ship sails.
See the record
2004-2017
Presidents in office George W. Bush 2001-2009 Obama 2009-2017 Trump 2017-2021
Bush tightens family ties: one visit every three years, $300 in remittances per quarter, $50 a day.
See the recordIt hits the army-run conglomerate that controls over 40 percent of Cuba's economy: hotels, ports, remittances.
See the record
2019-2021
President in office Trump 2017-2021
It covers properties nationalized in 1959-60: whoever uses them, even a European hotel, can be sued in the US.
See the recordIt cuts the money emigrants send their families and shuts down dollar banking transit.
See the recordThe rule that stops the pacemakers: it covers goods made anywhere, if US technology is inside.
See the recordThe main remittance channel collapses: all 407 Western Union offices on the island close.
See the recordThe label returns: foreign banks and investors pull out beyond what the law requires.
See the record
2025
President in office Trump since 2025
- On the first day of his second term, Trump reverses Cuba's removal from the list of State Sponsors of Terrorism, decided six days earlier.Redesignation of Cuba as a State Sponsor of Terrorism · 2025
Six days earlier Cuba had come off the terrorism list. On day one of the term it goes back on, and the automatic bans on aid, exports and finance return.
See the record - Denies US visas to Cuban and third-country officials involved in Cuba's overseas medical missions, which the State Department characterises as «forced labor».Visa restrictions over Cuban medical missions · 2025
Denies US visas to officials of countries that hire Cuban doctors. It squeezes the island's largest export, professional services.
See the record - Bars transactions with Orbit S.A., the entity handling remittances to Cuba. Western Union indefinitely suspends transfers from the United States to the island.Orbit S.A. added to the Cuba Restricted List: remittances stop · 2025
Transactions barred with the entity that handles remittances. Western Union again suspends transfers from the United States to the island.
See the record - Restores the Cuba Restricted List and the Cuba Prohibited Accommodations List and bans direct financial transactions with entities controlled by the Cuban military (GAESA).Reissuance of NSPM-5 · 2025
The restricted entity list is back, along with the ban on transactions with the army conglomerate: hotels, ports, remittances.
See the record
2026
President in office Trump since 2025
- Declares a national emergency with respect to Cuba and authorises an additional duty on goods imported into the United States from any country that directly or indirectly sells or provides oil to Cuba.Executive Order 14380: tariffs threatened for selling oil to Cuba · 2026Cracked
It threatens tariffs on anyone selling oil to Cuba. None will ever apply: the announcement alone shifts supply.
See the record - Ends the IEEPA duties of nine executive orders, including EO 14380 on Cuba: the tariffs cease to have effect and collection must stop. The same order provides, however, that everything else stands, including the national emergencies declared by those orders. The tariff instrument falls, the framework does not.The oil tariffs end (the emergency stays) · 2026
The mechanism falls after three weeks, with no duty ever applied: the Supreme Court held that the statute gave the president no power to impose tariffs. The national emergency stands.
See the record - Authorises sanctions against foreign persons and financial institutions operating in Cuba's energy, defence, metals and mining, financial services and security sectors: no longer only those under US jurisdiction, but anyone trading with Cuba.Executive Order 14404: extraterritorial secondary sanctions · 2026
Assets frozen in the US, sanctions on foreign banks too. The big shipping lines pull out.
See the record - Target GAESA and other military entities, regime elite figures and, on 11 June, the state oil company Unión Cuba-Petróleo.The first designations under EO 14404 · 2026
After the order come the names: in May the army conglomerate, on 11 June the state oil company. Anyone dealing with them risks sanctions.
See the record - Sanctions the operator of Cuba's main port terminal: any ship calling at Mariel is dealing with an SDN entity.EO 14404 designations targeting the port of Mariel · 2026
The operator of Cuba's main port terminal is sanctioned. Calling at Mariel means dealing with an entity under US sanctions.
See the record
- Date
- 1961 · anno
- Instrument
- Legge del Congresso
- Type
- Restrictive
- What it bans
- Congress authorizes the total embargo
- Citation
- Pub. L. 87-195; 75 Stat. 424; 22 U.S.C. 2370(a)
- Source
- uscode.house.gov
- Date
- 1962-02-03
- Instrument
- Proclamazione presidenziale
- Type
- Restrictive
- What it bans
- Kennedy bans all imports from Cuba
- Citation
- Proc. 3447; 27 FR 1085; 76 Stat. 1446; 3 CFR 1959-1963 Comp. p. 157
- Source
- archives.gov

- Date
- 1963-07-08
- Instrument
- Regolamento OFAC
- Type
- Restrictive
- What it bans
- Treasury freezes assets, bans transactions
- Citation
- 31 CFR Part 515; 28 FR 6974
- Source
- federalregister.gov
- Date
- 1982-03-01
- Instrument
- Designazione del Dipartimento di Stato
- Type
- Restrictive
- What it bans
- The US puts Cuba on the terrorism list
- Citation
- 47 FR 16623-16624 · 19 aprile 1982 · efficacia 1 marzo 1982
- Source
- No primary document in the research notes: source still to be recovered.
- Date
- 1982-04 · mese
- Instrument
- Emendamento CACR
- Type
- Reactivation
- What it bans
- Reagan shuts travel down again
- Citation
- Emendamento CACR 1982; ricostruito da CRS RL31139
- Source
- congress.gov
- Date
- 1992 · anno
- Instrument
- Legge del Congresso
- Type
- Restrictive · Extraterritorial
- What it bans
- US firms' foreign branches barred from Cuba
- Citation
- Pub. L. 102-484, Title XVII, §1701; 106 Stat. 2575; 22 U.S.C. 6001 et seq.
- Source
- uscode.house.gov
- Date
- 1996-03-12
- Instrument
- Legge del Congresso
- Type
- Restrictive · Extraterritorial
- What it bans
- Only Congress can lift the blockade
- Citation
- Pub. L. 104-114; 110 Stat. 785; 22 U.S.C. 6021-6091; §306 = 22 U.S.C. 6085
- Source
- 1997-2001.state.gov
- Date
- 2000 · anno
- Instrument
- Legge del Congresso
- Type
- Restrictive
- What it bans
- Food and medicine: cash in advance only
- Citation
- Title IX, Pub. L. 106-387; 114 Stat. 1549; 22 U.S.C. 7201 et seq.; §908(b)
- Source
- uscode.house.gov
- Date
- 2004-06-16
- Instrument
- Emendamento CACR
- Type
- Restrictive
- What it bans
- One family visit every three years
- Citation
- Emendamenti CACR del 16 giugno 2004, in vigore dal 30 giugno 2004; CACR §515.570
- Source
- georgewbush-whitehouse.archives.gov
- Date
- 2017-06-16
- Instrument
- Memorandum presidenziale
- Type
- Reactivation
- What it bans
- Deals with military-run firms shut again
- Citation
- NSPM-5; attuato via emendamento CACR del 9 novembre 2017, §515.209 Cuba Restricted List
- Source
- federalregister.gov
- Date
- 2019-04-05
- Instrument
- OFAC ex Executive Order 13850
- Type
- Restrictive · Extraterritorial
- What it bans
- Ships carrying oil to Cuba are sanctioned
- Citation
- E.O. 13850; azioni del 5 aprile, 12 aprile, 10 maggio e 24 settembre 2019; Cubametales designata il 3 luglio 2019
- Source
- ofac.treasury.gov
- Date
- 2019-05-02
- Instrument
- Decisione presidenziale ex Helms-Burton §306
- Type
- Restrictive · Extraterritorial
- What it bans
- Investing in Cuba now risks a US lawsuit
- Citation
- Helms-Burton §306; sospensione decaduta il 2 maggio 2019, annuncio Department of State del 17 aprile 2019
- Source
- quinnemanuel.com
- Date
- 2019-09-09
- Instrument
- Regolamento OFAC
- Type
- Restrictive · Extraterritorial
- What it bans
- Remittances capped at $1,000 a quarter
- Opened by
- 2022 — Biden measures on flights, remittances and group travel
- 2024 — Biden measures on the Cuban private sector (OFAC)
Opened by an easing that was never reversed: the block stays, ajar.
- Citation
- Emendamento CACR del 9 settembre 2019, in vigore dal 9 ottobre 2019
- Source
- federalregister.gov
- Date
- 2019-10-21
- Instrument
- Regola BIS, Department of Commerce
- Type
- Restrictive · Extraterritorial
- What it bans
- 10% US content is enough to ban the sale
- Citation
- 84 FR 56117; Doc. 2019-22876; RIN 0694-AH90; 15 CFR Parts 734, 740, 746
- Source
- federalregister.gov
- Date
- 2020-09-24
- Instrument
- Regolamento OFAC e lista Department of State
- Type
- Restrictive
- What it bans
- Remittances cut: 407 Western Unions close
- Citation
- CACR §515.210, in vigore dal 24 settembre 2020; divieto rimesse in vigore dal 26 novembre 2020; lista di 433 strutture del 23 settembre 2020
- Source
- ofac.treasury.gov
- Date
- 2021-01-12
- Instrument
- Determinazione Department of State
- Type
- Reactivation · Extraterritorial
- What it bans
- Cuba put back on the terrorism list
- Citation
- Designazione ex Sec. 1754(c) NDAA 2019, §620A FAA, §40 Arms Export Control Act
- Source
- state.gov
- Date
- 2025-01-20
- Instrument
- Executive Order 14148 — 90 FR 8237, firmato il 20/1/2025, pubblicato il 28/1/2025 (Federal Register doc. 2025-01901). Revoca al §2(xxx)
- What it bans
- On the first day of his second term, Trump reverses Cuba's removal from the list of State Sponsors of Terrorism, decided six days earlier.
- Official title
- Initial Rescissions of Harmful Executive Orders and Actions
- Source
- Federal Register — EO 14148, 90 FR 8237Official US document
- Other sources
- govinfo (testo pieno, FR-2025-01-28)Official US document
- CBS News MiamiPress
- GranmaPress
- OHCHROfficial US document
- Date
- 2025-02-25 · 2025-06-03 · 2025-08-13
- Instrument
- Press Statement, U.S. Department of State — Politica di restrizione dei visti, estesa il 3/6/2025 e il 13/8/2025
- What it bans
- Denies US visas to Cuban and third-country officials involved in Cuba's overseas medical missions, which the State Department characterises as «forced labor».
- Official title
- Expansion of Visa Restrictions Policy for Individuals Exploiting Cuban Labor
- Source
- U.S. Department of StateOfficial US document
- Other sources
- U.S. Department of StateOfficial US document
- Date
- 2025-03-10 · 2025-01-31 · 2025-02-06
- Instrument
- Cuba Restricted List, U.S. Department of State — Public Notice 12650 — 90 FR 9101, pubblicato il 6/2/2025 (Federal Register doc. 2025-02282). Annuncio 31/1/2025, Orbit S.A. efficace dal 10/3/2025
- What it bans
- Bars transactions with Orbit S.A., the entity handling remittances to Cuba. Western Union indefinitely suspends transfers from the United States to the island.
- Official title
- Publishing the State Department's List of Entities and Subentities Associated With Cuba (Cuba Restricted List)
- Source
- Federal Register — Public Notice 12650, 90 FR 9101Official US document
- Other sources
- U.S. Department of State — Cuba Restricted ListOfficial US document
- CiberCubaPress
- Prensa LatinaPress
- Date
- 2025-06-30 · 2025-07-14 · 2025-08-12
- Instrument
- National Security Presidential Memorandum — Revoca della revoca: EO 14148 §2(yyy), 20 gennaio 2025, sei giorni dopo il memorandum del 14 gennaio 2025 che aveva abrogato l'NSPM-5. Riemanazione integrale il 30 giugno 2025 · Federal Register doc. 2025-15338, pubblicato il 12/8/2025; aggiunte a CRL e CPAL in vigore dal 14/7/2025
- What it bans
- Restores the Cuba Restricted List and the Cuba Prohibited Accommodations List and bans direct financial transactions with entities controlled by the Cuban military (GAESA).
- Official title
- National Security Presidential Memorandum-5 (Strengthening the Policy of the United States Toward Cuba)
- Source
- Federal RegisterOfficial US document
- Other sources
- The White HouseOfficial US document
- govinfo (DCPD-202500726)Official US document
- Date
- 2026-01-29 · 2026-01-30 · 2026-02-03
- Instrument
- Executive Order 14380 — 91 FR 5085 (Vol. 91, No. 22, 3/2/2026), in vigore dal 30/1/2026. Basi legali invocate: IEEPA, NEA, 3 U.S.C. §301
- What it bans
- Declares a national emergency with respect to Cuba and authorises an additional duty on goods imported into the United States from any country that directly or indirectly sells or provides oil to Cuba.
- Official title
- Addressing Threats to the United States by the Government of Cuba
- Source
- Federal Register via govinfoOfficial US document
- Other sources
- The American Presidency ProjectLegal analysis
- Date
- 2026-02-20 · 2026-02-25
- Instrument
- Executive Order 14389 — 91 FR 9437, firmato il 20/2/2026, pubblicato il 25/2/2026 (Federal Register doc. 2026-03832). Chiude i dazi IEEPA di nove ordini esecutivi, fra cui l'EO 14380
- What it bans
- Ends the IEEPA duties of nine executive orders, including EO 14380 on Cuba: the tariffs cease to have effect and collection must stop. The same order provides, however, that everything else stands, including the national emergencies declared by those orders. The tariff instrument falls, the framework does not.
- Official title
- Ending Certain Tariff Actions
- Source
- Federal Register — EO 14389, 91 FR 9437Official US document
- Other sources
- govinfo (testo pieno, FR-2026-02-25)Official US document
- Date
- 2026-05-01 · 2026-05-07
- Instrument
- Executive Order 14404 — Prosegue l'emergenza nazionale dell'EO 14380; OFAC General License 1 e FAQ del 7/5/2026
- What it bans
- Authorises sanctions against foreign persons and financial institutions operating in Cuba's energy, defence, metals and mining, financial services and security sectors: no longer only those under US jurisdiction, but anyone trading with Cuba.
- Official title
- Imposing Sanctions on Those Responsible for Repression in Cuba
- Source
- Baker McKenzieLegal analysisNo primary document in the research notes: source still to be recovered.
- Other sources
- Holland & KnightLegal analysis
- Squire Patton BoggsLegal analysis
- Date
- 2026-05-07 · 2026-05-18 · 2026-06-04 · 2026-06-11
- Instrument
- Designazioni OFAC / U.S. Department of State — Adottate sotto l'EO 14404
- What it bans
- Target GAESA and other military entities, regime elite figures and, on 11 June, the state oil company Unión Cuba-Petróleo.
- Source
- U.S. Department of StateOfficial US document
- Date
- 2026-07-13
- Instrument
- Designazioni U.S. Department of State / OFAC sotto l'EO 14404 — Entità designate: Terminal de Contenedores de Mariel S.A., Coral Marítima S.A., GEMAR. Il 23/6/2026 era stata designata AUSA (GAESA), gestore precedente; il passaggio a Coral Marítima dell'1/7/2026 è qualificato dagli USA come elusione
- What it bans
- Sanctions the operator of Cuba's main port terminal: any ship calling at Mariel is dealing with an SDN entity.
- Official title
- Additional Sanctions Designations Targeting the Corrupt Cuban Communist Regime and its Financial Backers
- Source
- U.S. Department of State — Office of the SpokespersonOfficial US document
The mastheads of the measures, from 1962 to today. The signatures below change, the form does not.

Proclamation 3447 — Embargo on All Trade with CubaFebruary 3, 1962 · United States Statutes at Large · 76 Stat. 1446 
Cuban Democracy Act of 1992 — Title XVII, Pub. L. 102-484October 23, 1992 · United States Statutes at Large · 106 Stat. 2575 
Cuban Liberty and Democratic Solidarity (LIBERTAD) Act — Pub. L. 104-114March 12, 1996 · United States Statutes at Large · 110 Stat. 785 
Executive Order 14148 — Initial Rescissions of Harmful Executive Orders and ActionsJanuary 20, 2025 · Federal Register · 90 FR 8237 
Executive Order 14380 — Addressing Threats to the United States by the Government of CubaJanuary 29, 2026 · Federal Register · 91 FR 5085