Sources

The source records behind the story, one for each claim. Each record carries the quotation, the link and the reference.

The intent

The 1960 document that sets out the objective of economic pressure.

U.S. Department of State · Office of the Historian
Memorandum by Lester D. Mallory, 6 April 1960
FRUS 1958–1960, volume VI, document 499. Official transcription of the declassified document.
Open the original source ↗

How it works

The rules that reach goods, payments and ships outside the United States too.

Federal Register · Bureau of Industry and Security
The ten per cent de minimis rule
The 2019 rule lowers the US content threshold to ten per cent for foreign-made goods destined for Cuba.
Open the original source ↗
Electronic Code of Federal Regulations · OFAC
Cuban Assets Control Regulations
The current text of 31 CFR Part 515, which governs transactions under US jurisdiction.
Open the original source ↗
U.S. House of Representatives · U.S. Code
Cuban Democracy Act: the 180-day rule
The prohibition on loading or unloading goods in the United States for 180 days for ships that have traded at a Cuban port.
Open the original source ↗

The 2026 tightening

Executive orders, designations and consequences documented by United Nations agencies.

Federal Register
Executive Order 14380
The order of 29 January 2026 that declares a national emergency and threatens measures against countries supplying oil to Cuba.
Open the original source ↗
Federal Register
Executive Order 14404
The order of 1 May 2026 concerning secondary sanctions in Cuba’s energy sector.
Open the original source ↗
U.S. Department of State
Designation of the oil company CUPET
The official statement applying sanctions to Cuba’s state-owned oil company.
Open the original source ↗
OCHA · United Nations
Action plan for the energy crisis in Cuba
The UN document of March 2026 records the absence of new fuel imports since 13 December 2025.
Open the original source ↗
OHCHR · United Nations
Companies suspend services because of risk aversion
The UN High Commissioner’s statement documents the withdrawal of major logistics operators and more than 2,900 tonnes of food aid left stranded.
Open the original source ↗

The effects

Health and economic data, with the source’s position made explicit.

Think Global Health · Council on Foreign Relations
Cuba’s Health Care Buckles Under Fuel Blockade
The article documents that in 2025 around four hundred patients at the Institute of Cardiology did not receive the Medtronic pacemakers requested.
Open the original source ↗
United Nations · report A/80/83
Report of the Secretary-General on the blockade
The report associated with the 2025 cycle collects submissions from states and agencies. The economic estimate displayed on the site is the figure reported by the Cuban government.
Open the original source ↗
U.S. Chamber of Commerce
Testimony on trade policy towards Cuba
The Chamber of Commerce cites the U.S. International Trade Commission’s estimate: up to $1.2 billion a year in lost sales. This is a historical estimate, not a current one.
Open the original source ↗

The words

The statements to which we attribute the description of the blockade as genocide.

United Nations General Assembly · statement by Cuba
The blockade described as an act of genocide
Official address by Cuba’s Minister of Foreign Affairs to the General Assembly, 29 October 2025.
Open the original source ↗
Red de Intelectuales, Artistas y Movimientos Sociales En Defensa de la Humanidad
Statement by Latin American artists and intellectuals
The collective statement of 14 August 2026 describes the pressure against Cuba as a “silent genocide” and a plan of suffocation.
Open the original source ↗

The United Nations vote

The official voting record and related documents.

United Nations Digital Library
A/RES/80/4 · vote of 29 October 2025
The official record confirms 165 votes in favour, 7 against and 12 abstentions.
Open the original source ↗

Sources by destination

Solidarity: sources by destination

The collected sources document dated figures by role, education programmes and presence. Each figure retains its year, scope and source.

International literacy

Yo, sí puedo

Literacy · not medicine

A Cuban adult literacy programme, distinct from the health missions.

Global figure as of 2014

>6Mpeople gaining basic literacy

29countries

By 2014 more than six million people in 29 countries had acquired basic literacy; Cuba sent literacy advisers.

Open source: UNESCO Institute for Lifelong Learning · 2021-01-20

Verified national implementations

Bolivia
Programa Nacional de Alfabetización Yo sí puedo
Bolivia's national programme was implemented with Cuban technical assistance and authorized Cuban officials.
Open source: SITEAL / IIPE UNESCO · 2006
Uruguay
En el país de Varela: Yo, sí puedo
From 2007 Uruguay adapted the Cuban IPLAC method for its youth and adult literacy campaign.
Open source: UNESCO Institute for Lifelong Learning · 2011-04-10

These figures measure learners and education programmes; they must not be added to health personnel totals.

The global source describes the programme as of 2014. The two country cards are verified examples, not a complete list of countries reached.

Algeria
- Doctors
  Medical training for universal health coverage: a review of Cuba–South Africa collaboration · 2016
  Table 2 reports 347 Cuban doctors in 2016.
  Open source
- Documented presence
  Brazilian Journal of African Studies · Cuba’s medical experience in sub-Saharan Africa: its contribution against COVID-19 · 2020
  Deployed personnel.
  Open source
Andorra
- Doctors
  Government of Andorra — Arribada de 39 professionals sanitaris de Cuba · 2020
  39 Cuban health professionals arrived: 12 doctors and 27 nurses.
  Open source
- Health personnel
  Government of Andorra — Arribada de 39 professionals sanitaris de Cuba · 2020
  39 Cuban health professionals arrived to support the SAAS.
  Open source
- Documented partial total
  Govern d’Andorra · Arribada de 39 professionals sanitaris de Cuba · 2020-03-29
  The government documents 39 Cubans arriving: 12 doctors and 27 nurses.
  Open source
Angola
- Doctors
  Medical training for universal health coverage: a review of Cuba–South Africa collaboration · 2016
  Table 2 reports 815 Cuban doctors in 2016.
  Open source
- Teachers
  South–South cooperation in education and development: The ¡Yo, Sí Puedo! literacy method · 1976–1991
  Approximately 10,000 Cubans were deployed as teachers and advisors in Angola between 1976 and 1991.
  Open source
- Documented presence
  Brazilian Journal of African Studies · Cuba’s medical experience in sub-Saharan Africa: its contribution against COVID-19 · 2020
  Deployed personnel.
  Open source
Anguilla
- Doctors
  Health Authority of Anguilla — Annual Report 2020 · 2020
  The five Cuban professionals were three doctors and two nurses.
  Open source
- Health personnel
  Health Authority of Anguilla — Annual Report 2020 · 2020
  The five Cuban professionals were three doctors and two nurses.
  Open source
- Documented partial total
  Health Authority of Anguilla · Annual Report 2020 · 2021-07-21
  The report documents five Cuban professionals: three doctors and two nurses.
  Open source
Antigua & Barbuda
- Health personnel
  Government of Antigua and Barbuda — Cuban medical brigade arrives · 2020
  Twenty-nine Cuban doctors and nurses arrived.
  Open source
- Documented partial total
  Government of Antigua and Barbuda · Cuban medical brigade arrives in Antigua and Barbuda · 2020-03-26
  The government documents 29 Cuban doctors and nurses arriving.
  Open source
Argentina
- Doctors
  Cubainformación — La cooperación cubana en Argentina · 2014
  En Argentina la Operación Milagro es llevada por personal argentino, exclusivamente como asesora médica cubana estoy yo.
  Open source
- Teachers
  Página/12 — Yo, argentino puedo · 2006
  El programa cuenta con [...] diez asesores cubanos [...] y 600 facilitadores locales.
  Open source
- Documented presence
  La Nación · Operación Milagro: los médicos cubanos ya están en la Argentina · 2020-04-24
  The report documents Cuban ophthalmologists who arrived in Argentina for Operación Milagro.
  Open source
Armenia
- Documented partial total
  ECLAC / United Nations · Evaluating South-South cooperation in six Latin American and Caribbean countries · 2021
  Mission.
  Open source
Aruba
Not available.
Australia
- Teachers
  Cuba’s Yes, I Can in Australia: Three Years On · 2013
  The study identifies Lucy Peraza as the Cuban adviser to the campaign; it does not evidence a five- or six-person Cuban team.
  Open source
- Documented presence
  Literacy and Numeracy Studies (UTS ePRESS) · An Aboriginal Adult Literacy Campaign Pilot Study in Australia using Yes I Can · 2013-06-24
  The study documents a Cuban academic who came to Australia to support Wilcannia’s literacy project.
  Open source
Azerbaijan
- Doctors
  Beyond Borders: International Map of Cuban Medical Cooperation · 2020
  The 115-person contingent included 57 doctors, 55 university graduates including 50 nurses, and other staff.
  Open source
- Health personnel
  Beyond Borders: International Map of Cuban Medical Cooperation · 2020
  Cuba sent 115 specialists; the roster separates 57 doctors and 55 university graduates including 50 nurses.
  Open source
- Documented presence
  Azerbaijan University · On the possibilities of Cuba-Azerbaijan cooperation to face emerging problems · 2024-05-03
  The study reports Cuban doctors present in Azerbaijan since 2020.
  Open source
Bahamas
- Teachers
  Free Society Project / Cuba Archive — High cost of Bahamas collaboration · 2025
  In March 2025 [...] the government employs 130 Cuban teachers.
  Open source
- Documented presence
  Bahamas Ministry of Health and Wellness · Bahamas welcomes Cuban health professionals to strengthen healthcare services across the islands · 2023-10
  The ministry documents Cuban health professionals received to strengthen services across the islands.
  Open source
Bahrain
- Health personnel
  Médicos cubanos começam a trabalhar no Bahrein · 2015
  Fifteen Cuban health professionals arrived under the bilateral agreement.
  Open source
- Documented partial total
  Correio Braziliense / Agence France-Presse · Médicos cubanos começam a trabalhar no Bahrein, após acordo entre países · 2015-03-09
  Fifteen Cuban health professionals arrived to work at King Hamad University Hospital under the bilateral agreement.
  Open source
Barbados
- Doctors
  Barbados Government Information Service — Cuban Nurses on the Way · 2020
  At least 100 specialist nurses and one doctor from Cuba were expected.
  Open source
- Health personnel
  PAHO — HRH and COVID-19 response in the Caribbean · 2020
  101 Cuban health professionals were deployed to Barbados.
  Open source
- Documented partial total
  PAHO/WHO · HRH and COVID-19 response in the Caribbean · 2020-08-11
  PAHO records 101 Cuban health professionals deployed to Barbados for the COVID-19 response.
  Open source
Belarus
Not available.
Belize
- Doctors
  Belize Social Security Board — List of Cuban Medical Brigade Medical Officers and Specialists · 2022
  The July 2022 list enumerates 49 Cuban medical officers and specialists.
  Open source
- Documented presence
  International Journal of Health Services · Cuba’s International Cooperation in Health: An Overview · 2007
  Presence.
  Open source
Benin
- Documented presence
  Duquesne University Press / CIHAC-CALAS archive · Internationalist Civilian Assistance: The Cuban Presence in Sub-Saharan Africa · 1989
  The chapter lists Benin among countries where Cuban public health teams had operated or were active.
  Open source
Bhutan
- Documented presence
  Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Bhutan · Press Release on Bhutan-Cuba relations · 2012-08-14
  The ministry confirms Cuban doctors served in Bhutan, without stating a total.
  Open source
Bolivia
- Doctors
  ANF — Gobierno reconoce labor de brigada médica de Cuba · 2007
  La brigada médica cubana está compuesta por 2.200 profesionales, de los cuales 1.500 son médicos.
  Open source
- Teachers
  Rodrigo Mogrovejo doctoral thesis — Bolivia and Yo, sí puedo · 2006–2008
  El programa contó con 130 asesores cubanos y 47 venezolanos, quienes capacitaron a 46.457 facilitadores.
  Open source
- Health personnel
  ANF — Gobierno reconoce labor de brigada médica de Cuba · 2007
  La brigada médica cubana está compuesta por 2.200 profesionales, de los cuales 1.500 son médicos.
  Open source
- Documented presence
  International Journal of Health Services · Cuba’s International Cooperation in Health: An Overview · 2007
  Presence.
  Open source
Botswana
- Doctors
  Medical training for universal health coverage: a review of Cuba–South Africa collaboration · 2016
  Table 2 reports 50 Cuban doctors in 2016.
  Open source
- Documented presence
  Brazilian Journal of African Studies · Cuba’s medical experience in sub-Saharan Africa: its contribution against COVID-19 · 2020
  Deployed personnel.
  Open source
Brazil
- Doctors
  PAHO/WHO — Mais Médicos: cerca de 20 mil médicos cubanos participaram do programa · 2013–2018
  Cerca de 20 mil médicos cubanos participaram do programa desde 2013.
  Open source
- Teachers
  MST — Educadores cubanos contribuem na alfabetização de trabalhadores · 2010
  Treze educadores cubanos trabalharam no Brasil durante 2010.
  Open source
- Documented partial total
  PAHO/WHO · Mais Médicos: cerca de 20 mil médicos cubanos participaram do programa · 2018-05-31
  PAHO reports about 20,000 Cuban doctors participated in Mais Médicos from 2013 to May 2018.
  Open source
British Virgin Islands
- Health personnel
  Government of the British Virgin Islands — Cuban Doctors Begin Medical Service · 2020
  Twenty-two Cuban health professionals had arrived and were ready to begin service.
  Open source
- Documented partial total
  Government of the Virgin Islands · Cuban Doctors Begin Medical Service · 2020-08-11
  The government documents 22 Cuban health professionals already arrived and ready to begin service in the British Virgin Islands.
  Open source
Burkina Faso
- Doctors
  Medical training for universal health coverage: a review of Cuba–South Africa collaboration · 2016
  Table 2 reports 19 Cuban doctors in 2016.
  Open source
- Documented presence
  Brazilian Journal of African Studies · Cuba’s medical experience in sub-Saharan Africa: its contribution against COVID-19 · 2020
  Deployed personnel.
  Open source
Burundi
- Doctors
  Kayanza Hospital · 2014
  “As of 2014 four doctors were paid by the government, one by the hospital, and there were two Cuban general practitioners.”
  Open source
- Documented presence
  International Journal of Health Services · Cuba’s International Cooperation in Health: An Overview · 2007
  Presence.
  Open source
Cambodia
- Doctors
  Beyond Borders: International Map of Cuban Medical Cooperation · 1999
  Ten health professionals were working in Cambodia, including eight doctors.
  Open source
- Health personnel
  Beyond Borders: International Map of Cuban Medical Cooperation · 1999
  Ten health professionals were working in Cambodia, including eight doctors.
  Open source
- Documented presence
  International Journal of Health Services · Cuba’s International Cooperation in Health: An Overview · 2007
  Presence.
  Open source
Cape Verde
- Doctors
  Medical training for universal health coverage: a review of Cuba–South Africa collaboration · 2016
  Table 2 reports 41 Cuban doctors in 2016.
  Open source
- Documented presence
  Brazilian Journal of African Studies · Cuba’s medical experience in sub-Saharan Africa: its contribution against COVID-19 · 2020
  Deployed personnel.
  Open source
Caribbean Netherlands
- Health personnel
  The Bonaire Reporter — Rodney Gomez · 2012
  Two Cuban radiology technicians were documented.
  Open source
- Documented presence
  The Bonaire Reporter · Rodney Gomez — Radiologist at the hospital · 2012-01-20
  The interview documents two Cuban radiology technicians in Bonaire and an agreement active for about ten years.
  Open source
Chad
- Doctors
  Medical training for universal health coverage: a review of Cuba–South Africa collaboration · 2016
  Table 2 reports 7 Cuban doctors in 2016.
  Open source
- Documented presence
  Brazilian Journal of African Studies · Cuba's medical experience in Sub-Saharan Africa: its contribution against COVID-19 · 2020
  Cuban health personnel in Chad.
  Open source
Chile
- Doctors
  CiberCuba — Parte hacia Chile una brigada de 27 médicos y sanitarios cubanos · 2010
  El grupo, integrado por 11 médicos, 6 enfermeros y personal de apoyo.
  Open source
- Documented presence
  Embajada de Chile en Cuba · Relaciones bilaterales Chile-Cuba · undated
  Chile’s foreign ministry documents two Cuban field hospitals operating after the 2010 earthquake.
  Open source
China
- Doctors
  Henry Reeve Brigade · 2008
  The cited mission roster describes 35 participants, including 18 doctors, for the Sichuan earthquake response.
  Open source
- Health personnel
  Cuba’s Man in Sichuan, China: José Rodríguez · 2008
  Table lists a 35-member team for China, arriving 23 May 2008.
  Open source
- Documented partial total
  ECLAC / United Nations · Evaluating South-South cooperation in six Latin American and Caribbean countries · 2021
  Mission.
  Open source
Colombia
- Documented presence
  ECLAC / United Nations · Evaluating South-South cooperation in six Latin American and Caribbean countries · 2021
  Mission.
  Open source
Congo - Brazzaville
- Doctors
  Medical training for universal health coverage: a review of Cuba–South Africa collaboration · 2016
  Table 2 reports 28 Cuban doctors in 2016.
  Open source
- Documented presence
  Brazilian Journal of African Studies · Cuba’s medical experience in sub-Saharan Africa: its contribution against COVID-19 · 2020
  Deployed personnel.
  Open source
Congo - Kinshasa
Not available.
Curaçao
Not available.
Djibouti
- Doctors
  Medical training for universal health coverage: a review of Cuba–South Africa collaboration · 2016
  Table 2 reports 26 Cuban doctors in 2016.
  Open source
- Documented presence
  Brazilian Journal of African Studies · Cuba’s medical experience in sub-Saharan Africa: its contribution against COVID-19 · 2020
  Deployed personnel.
  Open source
Dominica
- Doctors
  DOM767 — Cuban Medical Brigade Arrives · 2020
  The brigade consisted of five doctors, four laboratory technicians and 25 nurses.
  Open source
- Documented partial total
  ECLAC / United Nations · Evaluating South-South cooperation in six Latin American and Caribbean countries · 2021
  Mission.
  Open source
Dominican Republic
- Documented presence
  ECLAC / United Nations · Evaluating South-South cooperation in six Latin American and Caribbean countries · 2021
  Mission.
  Open source
Ecuador
- Doctors
  IESS — 120 médicos cubanos se integran al IESS · 2014
  Con la incorporación de estos médicos cubanos suman 337 médicos.
  Open source
- Teachers
  UNESCO UIL — Proyecto de Educación de Jóvenes y Adultos, Ecuador · 2011–2013
  Se repartieron 52 asesores cubanos por todo el país para coordinar las actividades de alfabetización.
  Open source
- Documented presence
  ECLAC / United Nations · Evaluating South-South cooperation in six Latin American and Caribbean countries · 2021
  Mission.
  Open source
El Salvador
- Doctors
  Médicos cubanos en El Salvador — Brigada Monseñor Romero · 2009–2010
  17 médicos y especialistas cubanos; 34 médicos graduados de la ELAM are listed separately.
  Open source
- Documented presence
  Ministerio de Salud Pública y Asistencia Social de El Salvador · Informe de Labores 2009-2010 · 2010
  The report documents a Cuban-Salvadoran brigade operating during the Tropical Storm Ida emergency.
  Open source
Equatorial Guinea
- Doctors
  Medical training for universal health coverage: a review of Cuba–South Africa collaboration · 2016
  Table 2 reports 135 Cuban doctors in 2016.
  Open source
- Teachers
  El viceministro de Educación de Cuba califica de exitosa la colaboración educativa con Guinea Ecuatorial · 2026
  “Hemos intercambiado impresiones con los más de 240 profesores cubanos distribuidos en todo el país”.
  Open source
- Documented presence
  Brazilian Journal of African Studies · Cuba’s medical experience in sub-Saharan Africa: its contribution against COVID-19 · 2020
  Deployed personnel.
  Open source
Eritrea
- Doctors
  Eritrea Assessment (UK Home Office country report) · 2003
  “The delegation were advised that thirty-five Cuban doctors were assisting in the countryside and there are plans to increase this number.”
  Open source
- Documented presence
  Brazilian Journal of African Studies · Cuba’s medical experience in sub-Saharan Africa: its contribution against COVID-19 · 2020
  Deployed personnel.
  Open source
Eswatini
- Doctors
  Meeting with the First Vice President of the Republic of Cuba · 2019
  The prime minister records 21 Cuban specialist doctors then working in Eswatini hospitals.
  Open source
- Documented partial total
  Government of the Kingdom of Eswatini · Meeting with the First Vice President of the Republic of Cuba · 2019-05-27
  The prime minister records 21 Cuban specialist doctors then working in Eswatini hospitals.
  Open source
Fiji
- Documented presence
  The Fiji Times · Ministry to farewell Cuban epidemiologists · 2016-05-13
  Fiji’s ministry farewelled two Cuban epidemiologists who had worked at the national communicable disease control centre.
  Open source
France
- Health personnel
  Le mystère des médecins cubains · 2020
  French ministry catalogue records 15 Cuban health professionals arriving in Martinique on 26 June 2020.
  Open source
- Documented partial total
  Ministère français des Outre-mer · Le mystère des médecins cubains · 2020-09-07
  The ministry catalogue documents 15 Cuban health professionals arriving in Martinique on 26 June 2020.
  Open source
Gabon
- Doctors
  Medical training for universal health coverage: a review of Cuba–South Africa collaboration · 2016
  Table 2 reports 30 Cuban doctors in 2016.
  Open source
- Documented presence
  Brazilian Journal of African Studies · Cuba’s medical experience in sub-Saharan Africa: its contribution against COVID-19 · 2020
  Deployed personnel.
  Open source
Gambia
- Doctors
  Medical training for universal health coverage: a review of Cuba–South Africa collaboration · 2016
  Table 2 reports 64 Cuban doctors in 2016.
  Open source
- Teachers
  Cuban Foreign Policy: Transformation Under Raúl Castro · 2008
  “In the new program twenty-nine Cuban professors taught thirty-five students.”
  Open source
- Documented presence
  Brazilian Journal of African Studies · Cuba’s medical experience in sub-Saharan Africa: its contribution against COVID-19 · 2020
  Deployed personnel.
  Open source
Germany
Not available.
Ghana
- Doctors
  Cuba posts 350 doctors to Ghana · 2013
  “Three hundred and fifty Cuban doctors have arrived in the country to support healthcare delivery under a medical service and educational agreement between Ghana and Cuba.”
  Open source
- Teachers
  Cuban Foreign Policy: Transformation Under Raúl Castro · 2003
  “An additional eleven doctors were sent to teach at Tamale University in Ghana.”
  Open source
- Documented presence
  Brazilian Journal of African Studies · Cuba’s medical experience in sub-Saharan Africa: its contribution against COVID-19 · 2020
  Deployed personnel.
  Open source
Grenada
- Doctors
  Cuba as a “World Medical Power”: The Politics of Symbolism · 1979
  Twelve Cuban doctors were sent to Grenada in 1979.
  Open source
- Documented partial total
  Latin American Research Review · Cuba as a “World Medical Power”: The Politics of Symbolism · 1993
  The study documents twelve Cuban doctors sent to Grenada in 1979.
  Open source
Guatemala
- Doctors
  Rebelión / Cubadebate — Doctores del fin del mundo · 2005
  La brigada la conforman 531 cooperantes, 497 de los cuales son licenciados en Medicina.
  Open source
- Teachers
  CONALFA Guatemala — Informe de avance de intervenciones POA 2014 · 2014
  The table lists one national coordinator, 13 Cuban advisers in Santa Rosa and eight in Retalhuleu.
  Open source
- Documented presence
  International Journal of Health Services · Cuba’s International Cooperation in Health: An Overview · 2007
  Presence.
  Open source
Guinea
- Doctors
  Medical training for universal health coverage: a review of Cuba–South Africa collaboration · 2016
  Table 2 reports 11 Cuban doctors in 2016.
  Open source
- Documented presence
  Brazilian Journal of African Studies · Cuba’s medical experience in sub-Saharan Africa: its contribution against COVID-19 · 2020
  Deployed personnel.
  Open source
Guinea-Bissau
- Doctors
  Medical training for universal health coverage: a review of Cuba–South Africa collaboration · 2016
  Table 2 reports 26 Cuban doctors in 2016.
  Open source
- Teachers
  Beyond Borders: International Map of Cuban Medical Cooperation · 2017–18
  In the 2017–18 academic year, the Raúl Días Arguelles Faculty of Medicine had 34 Cuban teachers and 390 students.
  Open source
- Documented presence
  Brazilian Journal of African Studies · Cuba’s medical experience in sub-Saharan Africa: its contribution against COVID-19 · 2020
  Deployed personnel.
  Open source
Guyana
- Doctors
  Associated Press — Cuban doctors to leave Guyana · 2026
  The brigade of more than 200 doctors was asked to prepare to leave.
  Open source
- Documented presence
  Latin American Research Review · Cuba as a “World Medical Power”: The Politics of Symbolism · 1993
  The study documents Cuban medical workers active in Guyana for fifteen months.
  Open source
Haiti
- Doctors
  UK Indymedia — Haiti: Cuban Medical Brigade · 2010
  The specialists brought the total number of Cuban doctors working in Haiti to 300.
  Open source
- Documented presence
  International Journal of Health Services · Cuba’s International Cooperation in Health: An Overview · 2007
  Presence.
  Open source
Honduras
- Doctors
  La Nación — Médicos cubanos se quedan un año más en Honduras · 2004
  El convenio incluye la presencia de más de 200 médicos cubanos.
  Open source
- Teachers
  Poder Popular Honduras — Sponda recibe a 112 especialistas cubanos para alfabetizar · 2022
  El titular de Educación [...] recibiendo a los 112 asesores cubanos.
  Open source
- Documented presence
  International Journal of Health Services · Cuba’s International Cooperation in Health: An Overview · 2007
  Presence.
  Open source
Indonesia
- Doctors
  Beyond Borders: International Map of Cuban Medical Cooperation · 2005
  After the 2005 tsunami, Cuba sent a brigade of 24 doctors to Indonesia.
  Open source
- Health personnel
  Cuba’s Man in Sichuan, China: José Rodríguez · 2006
  Table lists a 135-member team for Indonesia.
  Open source
- Documented partial total
  ECLAC / United Nations · Evaluating South-South cooperation in six Latin American and Caribbean countries · 2021
  Mission.
  Open source
Iran
- Documented partial total
  ECLAC / United Nations · Evaluating South-South cooperation in six Latin American and Caribbean countries · 2021
  Mission.
  Open source
Iraq
- Health personnel
  Cuba as a “World Medical Power”: The Politics of Symbolism · 1986
  Documents 372 Cuban medical workers in Iraqi cities in 1986.
  Open source
- Documented partial total
  Latin American Research Review · Cuba as a “World Medical Power”: The Politics of Symbolism · 1993
  The study documents 372 Cuban medical workers in Iraqi cities in 1986.
  Open source
Italy
- Doctors
  Regione Lombardia — Medici da Cuba a Crema · 2020
  52 Cubans arrived: 37 doctors and 15 nurses.
  Open source
- Health personnel
  Regione Lombardia — Medici da Cuba a Crema · 2020
  52 Cuban health professionals arrived in Crema.
  Open source
- Documented partial total
  Regione Lombardia · Medici da Cuba a Crema · 2020-03-22
  The region documents 52 Cubans arriving in Crema: 37 doctors and 15 nurses.
  Open source
- Documented partial total
  Associated Press · An Italian region defies US pressure to end a Cuban doctors program · 2026-07-09
  AP documents more than 200 Cuban doctors staffing remote Calabrian hospitals, present since 2023.
  Open source
Jamaica
- Doctors
  Jamaica Ministry of Health — Jamaica welcomes 140 medical pros from Cuba · 2020
  The 140 comprised 46 doctors, 90 nurses and four therapists.
  Open source
- Teachers
  Jamaica Information Service — Cuban Teachers Recruited · 2018
  Twenty-four new teachers joined 48, bringing the total to 72 teachers.
  Open source
- Health personnel
  Jamaica Ministry of Health — Jamaica welcomes 140 medical pros from Cuba · 2020
  The 140 comprised 46 doctors, 90 nurses and four therapists.
  Open source
- Documented partial total
  Jamaica Ministry of Health and Wellness · Jamaica welcomes 140 medical pros from Cuba · 2020-03-22
  The ministry documents 140 Cubans arriving: 46 doctors, 90 nurses and four therapists.
  Open source
Japan
Not available.
Kenya
- Doctors
  Kenya ends arrangement to swap doctors with Cuba · 2018
  Under the 2017 deal, 100 Cubans were dispatched to county-level hospitals in Kenya.
  Open source
- Documented presence
  Brazilian Journal of African Studies · Cuba’s medical experience in sub-Saharan Africa: its contribution against COVID-19 · 2020
  Deployed personnel.
  Open source
Kiribati
- Doctors
  Cuba–Kiribati relations · 2007
  Reports 16 Cuban doctors providing specialised care in 2007, with 16 further doctors scheduled to join.
  Open source
- Documented presence
  Pacific Dynamics · The gift of health: Cuban medical cooperation in Kiribati · 2023-04
  The research documents Cuban doctors working in Kiribati from 2006 to fill shortages.
  Open source
Kosovo
Not available.
Kuwait
- Doctors
  Kuwait Times: Cuban medical team completes COVID-19 mission · 2020–2021
  Reports 137 doctors and 198 nurses in the Cuban mission.
  Open source
- Health personnel
  Cuban medical team completes COVID-19 mission to Kuwait · 2020
  337 Cuban doctors and nurses were deployed across COVID-19 hospitals.
  Open source
- Documented partial total
  Kuwait Times · Cuban medical team completes COVID-19 mission to Kuwait · 2021-06-06
  The report documents 337 Cuban doctors and nurses deployed across Kuwait's COVID-19 hospitals.
  Open source
Laos
- Health personnel
  Ponmek Dalaloy, a pillar in Cuba-Laos medical collaboration · 1973
  Recalls the 1973 arrival of an eight-member Cuban health brigade.
  Open source
- Documented partial total
  Khaosan Pathet Lao · Ponmek Dalaloy, a pillar in Cuba-Laos medical collaboration · 2024-10-25
  The Lao agency documents the 1973 arrival of an eight-member Cuban health brigade, recalled by the former health minister.
  Open source
Lesotho
- Doctors
  Health Minister bids farewell to Cuban health professionals · 2019–2023
  “They came as 12 doctors and they are really sad that they are leaving.”
  Open source
- Documented partial total
  Government of Lesotho · Health Minister bids farewell to Cuban health professionals · 2023-04-11
  The government documents twelve Cuban health professionals who arrived in 2019 and served in Lesotho.
  Open source
Liberia
- Doctors
  Cuban health workers arrive in Liberia to combat Ebola · 2014
  The report states that the volunteers included “29 nurses and 21 doctors including specialists”.
  Open source
- Health personnel
  Cuban health workers in Liberia · 2014
  WHO documents the arrival in Liberia of 53 Cuban health workers for the Ebola response.
  Open source
- Documented partial total
  WHO Regional Office for Africa · Cuban health workers in Liberia · 2014-10-22
  WHO documents the arrival in Liberia of 53 Cuban health workers for the Ebola response.
  Open source
Libya
- Doctors
  Challenges of cooperation for development: a case-study analysis of Cuban health solidarity programmes in Nigeria · 1977
  Cuba sent 650 health workers, including 357 physicians, to Libya in 1977.
  Open source
- Health personnel
  Challenges of cooperation for development: a case-study analysis of Cuban health solidarity programmes in Nigeria · 1977
  Cuba sent 650 health workers, including 357 physicians, to Libya in 1977.
  Open source
- Documented partial total
  Journal of International Development · Challenges of cooperation for development: A case-study analysis of Cuban health solidarity programmes in Nigeria · 2023-02-17
  The academic study reports that Cuba sent 650 health workers, including 357 physicians, to Libya in 1977.
  Open source
Maldives
- Doctors
  Cuban doctors start arriving in Maldives; 12 more flying in on Sunday · 2022
  Documents the first four Cuban doctors already in the country.
  Open source
- Documented presence
  One Online · Cuban doctors start arriving in Maldives; 12 more flying in on Sunday · 2022-06-29
  The Maldivian outlet documents the arrival of the first four Cuban doctors in the country.
  Open source
Mali
- Doctors
  Perception de la qualité des soins par les populations au CSRef de Kidal · 2008
  “Le CSRef de Kidal disposait de 27 agents qualifiés dont 4 médecins Cubains (dans le cadre de la coopération Mali-Cuba).”
  Open source
- Documented presence
  Brazilian Journal of African Studies · Cuba's medical experience in Sub-Saharan Africa: its contribution against COVID-19 · 2020
  Cuban health cooperation in Mali.
  Open source
Martinique
- Doctors
  Hospimedia — Quinze médecins cubains viennent trois mois · 2020
  Quinze médecins cubains viennent trois mois prêter main-forte en Martinique.
  Open source
- Health personnel
  Hospimedia — Quinze médecins cubains viennent trois mois · 2020
  Quinze médecins cubains viennent trois mois prêter main-forte en Martinique.
  Open source
- Documented partial total
  Hospimedia · Quinze médecins cubains viennent trois mois prêter main-forte en Martinique · 2020-06-29
  The health publication documents the arrival in Martinique of fifteen Cuban doctors on 26 June 2020.
  Open source
Mauritania
- Doctors
  Horizons n° 7006: L'hôpital des spécialités médicales de Nouadhibou · 2026
  The regional health director documents a staff of 50 Cuban specialist doctors at Nouadhibou hospital.
  Open source
- Documented partial total
  Agence Mauritanienne d'Information · Horizons n° 7006: L'hôpital des spécialités médicales de Nouadhibou · 2017-04-24
  The regional health director documents a staff of 50 Cuban specialist doctors at Nouadhibou hospital.
  Open source
Mauritius
Not available.
Mexico
- Doctors
  IMSS — Arriban 610 médicos especialistas cubanos · 2023
  Arriban 610 médicos especialistas cubanos.
  Open source
- Teachers
  Mapping of literacy programmes in Latin America and the Caribbean, 1990–2010 · 1990–2010 mapping
  La asesoría cubana incluye [...] 50 asesores cubanos distribuidos en las 20 Coordinaciones del Estado.
  Open source
- Health personnel
  IMSS — Arriban 610 médicos especialistas cubanos · 2023
  Arriban 610 médicos especialistas cubanos.
  Open source
- Documented partial total
  Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social · Arriban 610 médicos especialistas cubanos para fortalecer la atención en zonas de difícil cobertura · 2023-02-11
  IMSS documents the arrival in Mexico of 610 Cuban specialists assigned to underserved areas.
  Open source
Mongolia
- Health personnel
  Beyond Borders: International Map of Cuban Medical Cooperation · 2018
  Three Cuban medical specialists arrived in April 2018 and four more subsequently joined them.
  Open source
- Documented medical training
  First Central Hospital of Mongolia · Training on modern diagnosis and treatment of diabetic foot ulcers · 2019-03-21
  Cuban vascular surgeon Yanisbel Ortez trained more than 200 Mongolian doctors on diabetic foot care and Heberprot-P.
  Open source
Montserrat
- Doctors
  Montserrat National Audit Office — COVID-19 Lessons-Learned Report · 2020–2021
  The government obtained five doctors plus eight nurses from Cuba.
  Open source
- Documented presence
  Government of Montserrat · Montserrat bids farewell to Cuban health professionals · 2022-03-31
  The government documents Cuban doctors and nurses serving in Montserrat from 2020.
  Open source
Mozambique
- Doctors
  Medical training for universal health coverage: a review of Cuba–South Africa collaboration · 2016
  Table 2 reports 221 Cuban doctors in 2016.
  Open source
- Teachers
  Educación socialista, ayuda y cooperación internacional en el Tercer Mundo · 1981–1989
  “Pienso que pudimos tener al mismo tiempo, entre 100 y 120 profesores [cubanos]”.
  Open source
- Documented presence
  Brazilian Journal of African Studies · Cuba's medical experience in Sub-Saharan Africa: its contribution against COVID-19 · 2020
  Cuban health personnel in Mozambique.
  Open source
Namibia
- Doctors
  State of the Nation Address 2014 · 2014
  The presidential address records about 65 Cuban doctors then serving in Namibia’s public health facilities.
  Open source
- Teachers
  Namibian Education Minister visits Cuba · 2014
  Currently in Namibia are six teachers from the Island nation distributed in three of the fourteen regions, heading the Cuban designed literacy program “Yes I Can”.
  Open source
- Documented partial total
  Government of Namibia · State of the Nation Address 2014 · 2014-03-27
  The presidential address records about 65 Cuban doctors then serving in Namibia's public health facilities.
  Open source
Nauru
- Doctors
  Analysis of Cuban health assistance in the Pacific · 2004
  The peer-reviewed analysis states that cooperation led to the arrival of 11 Cuban doctors in Nauru in 2004.
  Open source
- Health personnel
  Votes and Proceedings, 21 December 2010 · 2009
  Identifies five professionals in the Cuban brigade.
  Open source
- Documented partial total
  Parliament of Nauru · Votes and Proceedings, 21 December 2010 · 2010-12-21
  The parliamentary record documents a full Cuban brigade in post since December 2009, identifying five professionals.
  Open source
Nepal
- Doctors
  Cuba Sends 49-member Medical Team to Nepal · 2015
  Reports 22 doctors within Cuba’s 49-member medical team sent after the earthquake.
  Open source
- Health personnel
  Beyond Borders: International Map of Cuban Medical Cooperation · 2015
  Cuba sent a 48-health-professional Henry Reeve Brigade after Nepal’s April 2015 earthquake.
  Open source
- Documented presence
  United Nations · General Assembly meeting coverage GA/11644 · 2015-05-15
  The UN record documents a Cuban medical team already operating in Nepal after the 2015 earthquakes.
  Open source
Nicaragua
- Doctors
  El País — Cuba concede cincuenta millones de dólares de ayuda económica a Nicaragua · 1980
  Actualmente más de mil maestros cubanos se encuentran en Nicaragua [...] así como doscientos médicos.
  Open source
- Teachers
  Le Monde / AFP — Le Nicaragua renonce aux enseignants cubains · 1979–1984
  Quelque 5 000 maîtres cubains ont collaboré à la campagne d’alphabétisation et enseigné dans le premier cycle.
  Open source
- Documented presence
  Ministerio de Salud de Nicaragua · Plan Plurianual de Salud 2015-2021 · 2015
  The ministry plan documents ongoing support by the Cuban medical brigade in the Atlantic regions and Río San Juan.
  Open source
Niger
- Doctors
  Medical training for universal health coverage: a review of Cuba–South Africa collaboration · 2016
  Table 2 reports 4 Cuban doctors in 2016.
  Open source
- Documented presence
  Brazilian Journal of African Studies · Cuba's medical experience in Sub-Saharan Africa: its contribution against COVID-19 · 2020
  Cuban health personnel in Niger.
  Open source
Nigeria
- Documented presence
  Punch Newspapers · States paying Egyptian, Cuban doctors higher than Nigerians promoting division – Ngige · 2021-09-24
  Nigeria's labour minister confirms that some states employed and paid Cuban doctors.
  Open source
Oman
Not available.
Pakistan
- Doctors
  Cuba’s Man in Sichuan, China: José Rodríguez · 2005
  Table lists 2,573 members: 1,481 doctors, 494 nurses and 291 technicians.
  Open source
- Health personnel
  Cuba’s Man in Sichuan, China: José Rodríguez · 2005
  Table lists a 2,573-member team for Pakistan.
  Open source
- Documented presence
  Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Pakistan · Prime Minister's Announcement of Gift of Rice to Cuba · 2015-12-23
  Pakistan recalls a Cuban health brigade that stayed for six months after the 2005 earthquake.
  Open source
Palestine
- Doctors trained in Cuba
  Diario Socialista — Cuba gradúa a más de 1.900 médicos · 2026
  Entre los graduados destacan 53 médicos de origen palestino que culminaron su carrera en las aulas cubanas.
  Open source
- Documented medical training
  Palestinian Ministry of Education and Higher Education · Medical scholarships in Cuba, 2025/2026 · 2025-07-27
  The ministry announces medical scholarships in Cuba for the 2025/2026 academic year.
  Open source
Panama
- Doctors
  La Estrella de Panamá — 122 médicos cubanos siguen en Panamá · 2021
  En las instalaciones de salud de Panamá siguen 122 especialistas cubanos.
  Open source
- Health personnel
  Panama Ministry of Health — Llega primer grupo de especialistas · 2020
  A first group of 220 Cuban specialists arrived on 24 December 2020.
  Open source
- Documented partial total
  Ministerio de Salud de Panamá · Llega a Panamá primer grupo de especialistas para reforzar la lucha contra el Covid-19 · 2020-12-24
  The Health Ministry documents the arrival in Panama of 220 Cuban specialists on 24 December 2020.
  Open source
Paraguay
- Doctors
  Paraguay Ministry of Health — Historia de la Misión de Médicos Cubanos · 2001
  Seven Cuban doctors were received in San Pedro in 2001.
  Open source
- Health personnel
  Paraguay Ministry of Health — Historia de la Misión de Médicos Cubanos · 2001
  Seven Cuban doctors were received in San Pedro in 2001.
  Open source
- Documented partial total
  Ministerio de Salud Pública y Bienestar Social de Paraguay · Historia de la Misión de Médicos Cubanos en el Paraguay · 2019
  The Ministry documents seven Cuban doctors received in the San Pedro health region in 2001.
  Open source
Peru
- Doctors
  Perú21 — Gobierno cubano señala que mandó al Perú 50 médicos y 35 enfermeros · 2020
  La brigada está integrada por 85 profesionales: 50 médicos y 35 licenciados en Enfermería.
  Open source
- Health personnel
  Peru Ministry of Health — Brigada de Cuba viaja a Piura · 2017
  A 23-member Cuban health brigade was deployed to Piura.
  Open source
- Documented partial total
  Ministerio de Salud del Perú · Brigada de médicos de Cuba viaja a Piura para reforzar la atención a la población afectada · 2017-03-31
  The Ministry documents the arrival in Lima and deployment to Piura of a 23-member Cuban health brigade.
  Open source
Portugal
- Doctors
  BMJ: Medical union condemns contract for Cuban doctors to work in Portugal · 2010
  Reports a contract covering 43 Cuban doctors in Portugal.
  Open source
- Documented presence
  Gabinete de Estratégia e Planeamento, Portugal · Migrações e Saúde em números: o caso português · 2018
  The government report records Cuban doctors arriving in Portugal through health recruitment agreements.
  Open source
Qatar
- Doctors
  The Peninsula: Significant contribution to Qatar’s healthcare system · 2019
  Reports 108 Cuban doctors, alongside 283 nurses and 91 technical staff.
  Open source
- Health personnel
  HMC Annual Report 2016: The Cuban Hospital · 2016
  The report says the Cuban Hospital had nearly 400 Cuban medical staff; 400 is stored as an approximate, not an exact headcount.
  Open source
- Documented partial total
  Hamad Medical Corporation · HMC Annual Report 2016: The Cuban Hospital · 2016
  The Qatari health provider's report records nearly 400 Cuban medical staff employed at the Cuban Hospital.
  Open source
Russia
Not available.
Rwanda
- Doctors
  Cuban medics set to enhance Rwanda’s healthcare · 2024
  “the first group of 11 doctors arriv[ed] on May 29”
  Open source
- Documented presence
  RPF-Inkotanyi · RPF-Inkotanyi, Cuban ruling party to bolster ties · 2024-06-22
  The governing party's vice chair recalls Cuban doctors deployed in Rwandan hospitals until 2012.
  Open source
São Tomé & Príncipe
- Doctors
  Medical training for universal health coverage: a review of Cuba–South Africa collaboration · 2016
  Table 2 reports 9 Cuban doctors in 2016.
  Open source
- Documented presence
  Brazilian Journal of African Studies · Cuba's medical experience in Sub-Saharan Africa: its contribution against COVID-19 · 2020
  Cuban health personnel in São Tomé and Príncipe.
  Open source
Saudi Arabia
- Documented presence
  Arab News · Team of specialized Cuban doctors arriving to man hospitals · 2013-08-03
  The Saudi outlet describes Cuban doctor rotations, including teams that had already completed service in the Kingdom.
  Open source
Seychelles
- Doctors
  President Ramkalawan Conducts Health-Focused Visits in Cuba · 2024
  The Presidency records 25 Cuban specialists and 13 general practitioners working with the Health Ministry.
  Open source
- Health personnel
  President Ramkalawan Conducts Health-Focused Visits in Cuba · 2024
  The Presidency records 25 Cuban specialists and 13 general practitioners working with the Health Ministry.
  Open source
- Documented partial total
  Office of the President of Seychelles · President Ramkalawan Conducts Health-Focused Visits in Cuba · 2024-09-19
  The Presidency records 25 Cuban specialists and 13 general practitioners working with the Health Ministry.
  Open source
Sierra Leone
- Doctors
  Cuba sending medical personnel to tackle Ebola · 2014
  Cuba was sending 165 health workers to Sierra Leone, “among them 63 doctors”.
  Open source
- Health personnel
  Cuban Ebola responders depart Sierra Leone · 2014
  WHO documents 165 Cuban doctors, nurses and other professionals who arrived in October 2014.
  Open source
- Documented partial total
  WHO Regional Office for Africa · Cuban Ebola responders depart Sierra Leone · 2015-04-01
  WHO documents 165 Cuban doctors, nurses and other professionals who arrived in October 2014 for the Ebola response.
  Open source
Slovakia
- Documented presence
  Radio Slovakia International (STVR) · Cuban doctors to help with novel drug arrival in Slovakia · 2017-05-23
  Slovakia's public broadcaster confirms Cuban experts arrived to train doctors and begin a pilot treatment.
  Open source
Solomon Islands
- Doctors
  Human Resources for Health Country Profiles: Solomon Islands · 2013
  WHO records ten Cuban doctors working in Solomon Islands in 2013.
  Open source
- Documented partial total
  World Health Organization, Western Pacific Region · Human Resources for Health Country Profiles: Solomon Islands · 2014
  WHO records ten Cuban doctors working in Solomon Islands in 2013.
  Open source
South Africa
- Doctors
  Medical training for universal health coverage: a review of Cuba–South Africa collaboration · 2016
  Table 2 reports 337 Cuban doctors in 2016.
  Open source
- Teachers
  South African Department of Social Development Annual Report 2009/10 · 2009–10
  “Six Cuban professors were recruited and provided technical support to the MYPP as part of a bilateral agreement”.
  Open source
- Health personnel
  President Ramaphosa welcomes Cuban health professionals · 2020
  The Presidency documents the arrival of 217 Cuban health specialists to support the COVID-19 response.
  Open source
- Documented partial total
  The Presidency of the Republic of South Africa · President Ramaphosa welcomes Cuban health professionals · 2020-04-27
  The Presidency documents the arrival of 217 Cuban health specialists to support the COVID-19 response.
  Open source
Sri Lanka
- Doctors
  Beyond Borders: International Map of Cuban Medical Cooperation · 2005
  After the 2005 tsunami, Cuba sent a brigade of 25 doctors to Sri Lanka.
  Open source
- Documented presence
  Parliament of Sri Lanka · Ambassador of Cuba Calls on Hon. Speaker of Parliament · 2026-05-07
  The Speaker of Parliament recalls Cuban doctors who served in Sri Lanka during his medical studies.
  Open source
St. Kitts & Nevis
- Doctors
  Government of St Kitts and Nevis — 34-member medical brigade · 2020
  The brigade comprised four doctors and 30 nurses.
  Open source
- Health personnel
  Government of St Kitts and Nevis — 34-member medical brigade · 2020
  The brigade comprised four doctors and 30 nurses.
  Open source
- Documented partial total
  St. Kitts and Nevis Information Service · Government welcomes 34-member medical brigade from Cuba · 2020-03-29
  The official service documents 34 Cubans arriving: four doctors and 30 nurses.
  Open source
St. Lucia
- Health personnel
  Government of Saint Lucia — Small group from brigade leaves · 2020
  113 Cuban doctors, nurses and biomedical engineers arrived on 27 March 2020.
  Open source
- Documented partial total
  Government of Saint Lucia · Small group from the Cuban medical brigade leaves Saint Lucia · 2020-07-16
  The government reports that 113 Cuban doctors, nurses and biomedical engineers arrived on 27 March 2020.
  Open source
St. Vincent & Grenadines
- Doctors
  Government of Saint Vincent and the Grenadines — Mission critical · 2020
  Four Cuban doctors and twelve nurses arrived on 26 March 2020.
  Open source
- Health personnel
  Government of Saint Vincent and the Grenadines — Mission critical · 2020
  Four Cuban doctors and twelve nurses arrived on 26 March 2020.
  Open source
- Documented partial total
  Government of Saint Vincent and the Grenadines · Mission critical in fight against COVID-19 · 2020-03-27
  The government documents the arrival on 26 March 2020 of four Cuban doctors and twelve nurses.
  Open source
Sudan
Not available.
Suriname
- Doctors
  Prensa Bolivariana — Brigada cubana apoyará combate a la COVID-19 en Surinam · 2020
  La BMC está integrada por 120 colaboradores: 78 médicos, dos estomatólogos y 40 enfermeros.
  Open source
- Documented presence
  Government of Suriname · Minister Ramadhin heeft bilateraal overleg met Cubaanse collega · 2022-10-19
  The government thanks the Cuban medical brigade that served in Suriname, especially during the pandemic.
  Open source
Switzerland
Not available.
Syria
- Documented presence
  Granma · Cuba y Siria: 50 años de solidaridad entre los pueblos · 2015-08-11
  A Cuban orthopedics and rehabilitation contingent worked in Damascus treating people wounded in the 1973 war.
  Open source
Tanzania
- Doctors
  Wizara ya Afya yapokea ugeni wa Balozi wa Cuba nchini · 2022
  The Ministry reports about 41 Cuban doctors working in hospitals across mainland Tanzania and Zanzibar.
  Open source
- Documented partial total
  Ministry of Health, Tanzania · Wizara ya Afya yapokea ugeni wa Balozi wa Cuba nchini · 2022
  The Ministry reports about 41 Cuban doctors working in hospitals across mainland Tanzania and Zanzibar.
  Open source
Timor-Leste
- Doctors
  Cuba, The Neglected State-builder · 2008
  Reports 305 Cuban health workers in Timor-Leste, including 230 doctors, 25 nurses and 50 technicians.
  Open source
- Teachers
  Back to the Future?: Timor-Leste, Cuba and the return of the mass literacy campaign · 2007
  Eleven Cuban educational advisers arrived in December 2005 and began the national literacy campaign.
  Open source
- Health personnel
  Cuba, The Neglected State-builder · 2008
  Reports 305 Cuban health workers: 230 doctors, 25 nurses and 50 technicians.
  Open source
- Documented presence
  Government of Timor-Leste · Prime Minister and Cuban Ambassador Strengthen Health Cooperation · 2023-08-29
  The government documents Cuban doctors and specialists sent to work in Timor-Leste health centres.
  Open source
Togo
- Doctors
  Cuba sends doctors to help Togo fight Covid-19 · 2020
  The outlet documents the arrival of eleven Cuban doctors for the COVID-19 response.
  Open source
- Documented partial total
  Togo First · Cuba sends doctors to help Togo fight Covid-19 · 2020-04-13
  The Togolese business outlet documents the arrival of eleven Cuban doctors for the COVID-19 response.
  Open source
Trinidad & Tobago
- Doctors
  Trinidad and Tobago Newsday — 33 Cuban doctors for TT · 2019
  Thirty-three Cuban doctors were integrated into the public health sector.
  Open source
- Documented presence
  Ministry of Health, Trinidad and Tobago · COVID-19 Supplement · 2020
  The ministry timeline records Cuban intensive-care nurses arriving on 1 May 2020.
  Open source
Türkiye
- Health personnel
  Cuban doctor uses poet’s words to describe work helping quake victims in Türkiye · 2023
  Documents a 32-member Cuban medical team.
  Open source
- Documented partial total
  Anadolu Agency · ‘Homeland is humanity’: Cuban doctor uses poet’s words to describe work helping quake victims in Türkiye · 2023-02-25
  Anadolu documents a 32-member Cuban medical team working in Kahramanmaraş after the earthquake.
  Open source
Turks & Caicos Islands
- Health personnel
  Turks and Caicos Premier — Cuban Medical Brigade Arrives · 2020
  A twenty-member Cuban medical brigade arrived.
  Open source
- Documented partial total
  Office of the Premier, Turks and Caicos Islands · Cuban Medical Brigade Arrives in the TCI · 2020-06-15
  The government documents the arrival in the islands of a twenty-member Cuban medical brigade.
  Open source
Tuvalu
- Doctors
  Analysis of policy implications and challenges of the Cuban health assistance program related to human resources for health in the Pacific · 2009
  One Cuban health specialist arrived in 2008 and two more doctors in 2009.
  Open source
- Documented partial total
  Human Resources for Health · Analysis of policy implications and challenges of the Cuban health assistance program related to human resources for health in the Pacific · 2012-05-25
  The study documents one Cuban health specialist arriving in October 2008 and two more doctors in February 2009.
  Open source
Uganda
- Doctors
  Medical training for universal health coverage: a review of Cuba–South Africa collaboration · 2016
  Table 2 reports 4 Cuban doctors in 2016.
  Open source
- Documented presence
  Mbarara University of Science and Technology · A Legacy of Service at MUST: A Farewell to Outstanding Surgeons · 2024-07-16
  The university documents eight years of service in Uganda by Cuban surgeon Carlos Manuel Cabreta Dreque.
  Open source
Ukraine
- Health personnel
  Order No. 259 on medical care for children affected by Chernobyl and other ecological disasters · 2006
  Funds twelve months of salaries for six Cuban professionals.
  Open source
- Documented partial total
  Ministry of Health of Ukraine · Order No. 259 on medical care for children affected by Chernobyl and other ecological disasters · 2006-05-04
  The order documents Cuban specialists working in Ukraine and funds twelve months of salaries for six professionals.
  Open source
United Arab Emirates
Not available.
United Kingdom
Not available.
United States
- Documented medical training
  United States Congress · Celebrating U.S. graduates of the Latin American School of Medicine (ELAM) · 2025-07-15
  The ELAM programme had graduated 245 U.S. physicians; 144 were licensed or in residency across more than 30 states.
  Open source
Uruguay
- Doctors
  Presidencia Uruguay — Hospital de Ojos José Martí · 2011
  Five Cuban ophthalmologists were working at the hospital.
  Open source
- Health personnel
  Presidencia Uruguay — Hospital de Ojos José Martí · 2011
  Five Cuban ophthalmologists were working at the hospital.
  Open source
- Documented partial total
  Presidencia de la República Oriental del Uruguay · Hospital de Ojos José Martí posibilitó a 25.000 personas recuperar la visión · 2011-10-14
  The Presidency records five Cuban ophthalmologists working at Montevideo's José Martí hospital.
  Open source
Vanuatu
- Doctors
  Analysis of policy implications and challenges of the Cuban health assistance program related to human resources for health in the Pacific · 2008
  Documents the arrival of six Cuban doctors in Vanuatu in 2008.
  Open source
- Documented partial total
  Human Resources for Health · Analysis of policy implications and challenges of the Cuban health assistance program related to human resources for health in the Pacific · 2012-05-25
  The study documents the arrival of six Cuban doctors in Vanuatu in 2008.
  Open source
Venezuela
- Doctors
  WHO — Scaling Up, Saving Lives · 2008
  Through the Mission, more than 50 Cuban physicians, specializing in comprehensive general medicine, were recruited to work at community clinics in poor urban areas.
  Open source
- Teachers
  CLACSO — Matrices de bienestar en Venezuela · 2003–2005
  70 pedagogos cubanos formaron a unos 100.000 voluntarios como alfabetizadores.
  Open source
- Health personnel
  WHO — Scaling Up, Saving Lives · 2003–2008
  More than 50 Cuban doctors were recruited to community clinics from 2003.
  Open source
- Documented partial total
  World Health Organization · Scaling Up, Saving Lives · 2008
  WHO documents more than fifty Cuban physicians recruited to Barrio Adentro community clinics from 2003.
  Open source
Western Sahara
- Teachers
  Pueblo Saharaui | Escuela Simón Bolívar. Entrevista al director Habib Bulahe · 2026
  “actualmente tenemos 8 profesores cubanos y 2 saharauis”.
  Open source
- Documented presence
  Brazilian Journal of African Studies · Cuba’s medical experience in sub-Saharan Africa: its contribution against COVID-19 · 2020
  Deployed personnel.
  Open source
Yemen
- Documented partial total
  University of Aden · Cooperation agreement with Cuban universities · 2010
  Aden University documents twelve Cuban professors retained for teaching, research and service at its medical school.
  Open source
Zambia
- Documented presence
  Ministry of Health and Central Board of Health, Zambia · Zambia: History, Poverty, Ill-health and the Health Sector Reforms · 2003
  The Zambian health report identifies Cuban doctors as the largest group among expatriate physicians employed in the country.
  Open source

The records, one for each claim

Foreign Assistance Act 1961, §620(a)
It authorizes the president to impose the total embargo and bans all US aid to Cuba.
Open the original source ↗
Proclamation 3447
The island loses access to the American market: no Cuban goods may enter the US again.
Open the original source ↗
Cuban Assets Control Regulations
The regulation that has run the blockade for sixty years: every president tightens or loosens from here.
Open the original source ↗
State Sponsor of Terrorism designation
The label triggers automatic bans on aid, exports and finance.
Open the original source ↗
Travel restrictions reinstated (CACR amendment)
After five years, travel is banned again: only authorized categories remain.
Open the original source ↗
Cuban Democracy Act, legge Torricelli
An American company cannot sell to Cuba even through its subsidiaries in Europe or elsewhere.
Open the original source ↗
Helms-Burton / LIBERTAD Act
The embargo stops being a presidential choice: lifting it takes an act of Congress.
Open the original source ↗
Trade Sanctions Reform and Export Enhancement Act
On paper it opens food and medicine; in practice it demands payment before the ship sails.
Open the original source ↗
Commission for Assistance to a Free Cuba
Bush tightens family ties: one visit every three years, $300 in remittances per quarter, $50 a day.
Open the original source ↗
National Security Presidential Memorandum-5
It hits the army-run conglomerate that controls over 40 percent of Cuba's economy: hotels, ports, remittances.
Open the original source ↗
OFAC actions on vessels carrying oil to Cuba (E.O. 13850)
No ship is stopped at sea: shipowners give up on their own, for fear of sanctions.
Open the original source ↗
Helms-Burton Title III activation
It covers properties nationalized in 1959-60: whoever uses them, even a European hotel, can be sued in the US.
Open the original source ↗
Remittance cap and end of U-turn transactions (OFAC)
It cuts the money emigrants send their families and shuts down dollar banking transit.
Open the original source ↗
Restricting Additional Exports and Reexports to Cuba
The rule that stops the pacemakers: it covers goods made anywhere, if US technology is inside.
Open the original source ↗
Cuba Prohibited Accommodations List e stop alle rimesse via FINCIMEX
The main remittance channel collapses: all 407 Western Union offices on the island close.
Open the original source ↗
Re-designation as State Sponsor of Terrorism
The label returns: foreign banks and investors pull out beyond what the law requires.
Open the original source ↗
Redesignation of Cuba as a State Sponsor of Terrorism
On the first day of his second term, Trump reverses Cuba's removal from the list of State Sponsors of Terrorism, decided six days earlier.
Open the original source ↗
See the record
Visa restrictions over Cuban medical missions
Denies US visas to Cuban and third-country officials involved in Cuba's overseas medical missions, which the State Department characterises as «forced labor».
Open the original source ↗
See the record
Orbit S.A. added to the Cuba Restricted List: remittances stop
Bars transactions with Orbit S.A., the entity handling remittances to Cuba. Western Union indefinitely suspends transfers from the United States to the island.
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Reissuance of NSPM-5
Restores the Cuba Restricted List and the Cuba Prohibited Accommodations List and bans direct financial transactions with entities controlled by the Cuban military (GAESA).
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Executive Order 14380: tariffs threatened for selling oil to Cuba
Declares a national emergency with respect to Cuba and authorises an additional duty on goods imported into the United States from any country that directly or indirectly sells or provides oil to Cuba.
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The oil tariffs end (the emergency stays)
Ends the IEEPA duties of nine executive orders, including EO 14380 on Cuba: the tariffs cease to have effect and collection must stop. The same order provides, however, that everything else stands, including the national emergencies declared by those orders. The tariff instrument falls, the framework does not.
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Executive Order 14404: extraterritorial secondary sanctions
Authorises sanctions against foreign persons and financial institutions operating in Cuba's energy, defence, metals and mining, financial services and security sectors: no longer only those under US jurisdiction, but anyone trading with Cuba.
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The first designations under EO 14404
Target GAESA and other military entities, regime elite figures and, on 11 June, the state oil company Unión Cuba-Petróleo.
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EO 14404 designations targeting the port of Mariel
Sanctions the operator of Cuba's main port terminal: any ship calling at Mariel is dealing with an SDN entity.
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Photograph credits

The provenance and rights status of the images used on the home page are collected here. The credits are kept off the main page so they do not interrupt the reading flow.

The United States and Cuba from spaceNASA Blue Marble Next Generation · EOSDIS GIBS · public domain
Cuba and Florida at nightNASA Worldview · EOSDIS GIBS · June 2026 · coastlines overlaid
The 1960 Mallory memorandumNational Archives · work of the US federal government · public domain
Cardiology, the port of Havana, pharmacy and P11 metrobusProject archive · rights granted in writing · author, location and detailed licence still to be recorded
UN voting boardProject archive · detailed attribution and licence still to be recorded
Dwight D. EisenhowerWhite House
John F. KennedyCecil W. Stoughton
Jimmy CarterDepartment of Defense, Naval Photographic Center
Ronald ReaganMichael Evans
George H. W. BushDavid Valdez
Bill ClintonBob McNeely, The White House
George W. BushEric Draper
Barack ObamaPete Souza, Official White House Photo
Donald TrumpDaniel Torok
Joe BidenAdam Schultz

Back to the story

Sources

Memorandum by Lester D. Mallory, 6 April 1960

The ten per cent de minimis rule

Cuban Assets Control Regulations

Cuban Democracy Act: the 180-day rule

Executive Order 14380

Executive Order 14404

Designation of the oil company CUPET

Action plan for the energy crisis in Cuba

Companies suspend services because of risk aversion

Cuba’s Health Care Buckles Under Fuel Blockade

Report of the Secretary-General on the blockade

Testimony on trade policy towards Cuba

The blockade described as an act of genocide

Statement by Latin American artists and intellectuals

A/RES/80/4 · vote of 29 October 2025

Verified national implementations

Programa Nacional de Alfabetización Yo sí puedo

En el país de Varela: Yo, sí puedo

Algeria

Andorra

Angola

Anguilla

Antigua & Barbuda

Argentina

Armenia

Aruba

Australia

Azerbaijan

Bahamas

Bahrain

Barbados

Belarus

Belize

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Burundi

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Cape Verde

Caribbean Netherlands

Chad

Chile

China

Colombia

Congo - Brazzaville

Congo - Kinshasa

Curaçao

Djibouti

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Dominican Republic

Ecuador

El Salvador

Equatorial Guinea

Eritrea

Eswatini

Fiji

France

Gabon

Gambia

Germany

Ghana

Grenada

Guatemala

Guinea

Guinea-Bissau

Guyana

Haiti

Honduras

Indonesia

Iran

Iraq

Italy

Jamaica

Japan

Kenya